Video Games And The Video Game Industry - 1290 Words

According to several studies, women are now making up a significant portion of the gaming demographic, but the industry hasn’t done much to make them feel welcome. During the last decade, the mainstream video game industry has seemed to operate under the same apparent assumptions: girls don’t play big action games, boys like the sexualization of girls in video games and won’t play as a female character unless she is heavily sexualized, and that girls play video games for the attention of boys. These assumptions are what allows the gaming industry to continue to focus on their male players, particularly young men, despite the fact that the number of women playing games today may someday soon rival the number of men. For many years, the video game industry catered to the tastes of young men with their overly-sexualized, one-dimensional female characters, and their beefy male protagonists (to identify with or aspire to). Of course there are exceptions, as there are with anything. There have been many fully-realized, non-sexualized, and interesting female characters, notably more modern characters such as Chloe Price in Dontnod’s second game, Life is Strange, Amita in Far Cry 4, and Square Enix’s more recent portrayals of Lara Croft in Tomb Raider (2013), and Rise of the Tomb Raider, but despite the occasional good example, there are many poor examples to go along; Polygon cites Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes as â€Å"[one of] the worst depictions of women in gaming {in 2014}† inShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And The Video Game Industry792 Words   |  4 Pages The video game industry has changed a lot since its inception, and a large part of that is due to the video game crash of 1983. Despite this, the market itself has remained roughly the same except for the actual devices in it. The quality of the video games has drastically improved over the years. Unfortunately, something that will never change are the greedy companies looking for a quick buck. While the video game industry has grown and improved since the crash, some similarities are starting toRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1344 Words   |  6 Pages In the year 2016, the video game industry hit an important milestone. As seen in this 2015-2019 analysis, the industry hit a market value of over $100,000,000,000: (â€Å"THE GLOBAL GAMES MARKET REACHES $99.6 BILLION IN 2016, MOBILE GENERATING 37%†). Just like today, 1983 was looking great for the future of video games. However, unlike today, 1983 did not go great for the video game industry, it went awfully. In 1983, the video game industry crashed and has not fully recovered to the value of the marketRead MoreVideo Games : The Video Game Industry1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe video game industry is one that continues to grow exponentially with consumers spending over $22 billion dollars on the gaming industry in 2014 (association, 2015). This popularity brings the opportunity to produce a stream of games that continue to expand in their nature and impact on their audience. Video games are now artistic, social and collaborative, with many allowing massive numbers of people to participate simultaneously (htt). The collaboration of the video gaming industry doesn’t stopRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Video Game Industry791 Words   |  4 PagesAn Atmosphere Unknown This is the future of the video game industry. Imagine looking through the eyes of your favorite video game character but in reality, you are actual sitting on the couch. Look to the left and you see R2-D2 trying to communicate to you. To the right, you have rebel fighters shooting at storm troopers that are attacking your home planet. Virtual reality lets you do all of this from the comfort of your home. However, Augmented reality lets you do this as well, but it is less virtualRead MoreCompetitive Positioning in the Video Game Industry639 Words   |  3 Pagesonline, PC, console, handheld and mobile game publisher with leading positions across every major category of the rapidly growing interactive entertainment software industry.†1 The video game industry of today looks vastly different than it did 10 years ago, with the stark contrast being that many firms are designing their games to be more family-friendly; the stereotypes of video games no longer being just in the realm of teenage boys. All in all, the industry is faring well with reported sales ofRead MoreVideo Game Industry : Nintendo And Sony2289 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Nowadays, the video game industry is one of the faster growing sectors in the world and it is unbelievably expected to increase its revenues for the years ahead. Big giant’s companies as Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are constantly competing and technology and innovation are vital to keep pace with this demanding and challenging field. This essay will discuss two companies within the video games industry, Nintendo and Sony, trying to define their international strategies and their proceduresRead MoreHome Video Game Industry Analysis Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesSubject: The Home Video Game Industry: Industry Analysis History In 1949 the video game was thought of for the first time by an engineer named Ralph Baer but it would be years before video games would enter the spotlight.1 In 1972 Steve Bushnell started the first gaming company Atari. Until 1978 there were very few games for the home system. In 1982 Atari releases a newer version and sales start to sore. In 1985 Nintendo enters the market with the NES. Nintendo still outsells both companiesRead More1970s: The Birth of Video Game Industry Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1970s was considered as the birth of video game industry, the phenomenon of gaming was growing and home gaming console Home-Pong which was a one-game-only console was invented by Atari, since then, the gaming industry has become very profitable, and more and more genre of video games were created. Although video games have become more and more popular as time changes, it still has to face the criticism, ‘media panic’. Meida panic happens when a new media appears; people will have aRead MoreFive Forces Analysis of the Video Game Industry943 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Video Game Industry The video game industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheld devices, mobile games and online games. The video gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years with Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo competing for the higher profits in the market. This essay will analyze each of the five forces acting on the industry: threat of newRead MoreElectronic Arts and the Global Video Game Industry Essay2158 Words   |  9 Pages ¡Ã‚ §frequent ¡Ã‚ ¨ player of video games or at least owns the necessary equipment. This target group spends five or more hours a week playing video games. The United States is the largest video game market in the world with about 50% of the US population (145 Million people) spending 6.5 hours a week on computers and video games. The majority of video game players are preteens, teenagers, and young adults (between the age of 20 and 40). A full 70% of college students play video games at least occasionally

Oil Boom in North Dakota - 5022 Words

UNITED STATES Oil in the Bakken region is boosting local economies but attracting a gritty scene Albertans know well The strip clubs in Williston, N.D., are the rowdiest that Tatiana, an exotic dancer who has performed in Las Vegas and New York, has ever seen. Oil workers coming off the nearby rigs pack the city s two clubs, Whispers and Heartbreakers, every night. They smell like work. They wear dirty T-shirts. They fall asleep face first on the bar. And then there are the prostitutes. Tatiana, who asked that her real name not be used, noticed them wandering though the crowd looking for customers on her first night in North Dakota. They re not in there to tip the dancers, she says with a laugh. Williston is the heart of†¦show more content†¦Some of those drivers are bound for Estevan, where they load their product onto the CP lines in the middle of town, which, Mayor St. Onge admits, is a little bit dangerous. F OR many years, North Dakota has been the least visited state in the Union. There are no real tourist attractions here; Mount Rushmore is in South Dakota. The late news man Eric Sevareid, who was born in North Dakota, called his native state â€Å"a large, rectangular blank spot in the nation’s mind.† But reporters from all over the world have been coming here lately, because North Dakota boasts one of the most interesting and exciting stories in the country: an honest-to-goodness boom. The state has the lowest unemployment rate in the country, at 3.1 percent. Some wonder who could be out of work, given all the â€Å"Help Wanted† signs. North Dakota is No. 1 in job growth and No. 1 in income growth. At the heart of this pros ¬perity is the Bakken formation, located in the northwestern part of the state. It’s a vast pot of oil. â€Å"Bakken,† incidentally, rhymes with â€Å"rockin’.† They have a bumper sticker here: â€Å"Rockin’ the Bakken.† Oil was discovered in this area in 1951, but the trick was extracting it. Then, not long ago, came a marriage of two techniques—one older, one newer. The older one was â€Å"hy - draulic fracturing,† or â€Å"fracking,† for short. This is the method by which oil or natural gas is forced from rock. The newer technique was horizontalShow MoreRelatedThe Oil And Natural Gas Resources1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In North Dakota, the nation’s second largest petroleum producing state after Texas, the number of rigs has dropped to 65 from some 191 last year. More than 10,000 jobs have been lost. And unemployment insurance benefits have risen by a reported 115 percent† (Bobb). The Bakken Formation is the oil and natural gas resource in North Dakota. The Bakken Oil Field in North Dakota is young, at only ten to fifteen years old. It has experienced tremendous growth and success, but is now in its first recessionRead MoreImpact Of The On North Dakota Essay 1240 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected by the Oil boom, countless have made millions on this product. Oil isn t always easy to find, as a matter of fact, it can be very difficult. Often times oil seeps to the top of the surface, making it easy to find, but most of the time people have to drill to find it. In the earlier days rigs could only work on land, however now we can use oil platforms to get oil from under sea beds. Many towns like Bainville and Watford city are being affected very heavily because of the oil, changes include:Read MoreIndigenous Peoples Of Native Americans919 Words   |  4 Pagesrestore what damage that has been done to them. But instead, big companies are destroying sacred land all over the United States by mining, drilling for oil, or even building for scientific research. â€Å"Since the late 1800s, the U.S. government has appropriated much of the original tribal lands associated with the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota for railroads and white homesteaders.† (Lustgarten) These lands were to be set aside and untouchable to the nonnatives. These lands were supposed toRead MoreWind Power: Giving Back to the Environment Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe western plains of North Dakota have recently experienced a boom of a great magnitude. The oil industry has found great success from fracking in the region. This Fracking is producing considerable amounts of oil and natural gas. Although the region has seen great wealth from these fossil fuels we need to remember that they are pumping great amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere which is essentially destroying our environment. Taking care of our environment has come to the forefront of the powerRead MoreNorth Dakota s State Regulatory Agencies2619 Words   |  11 PagesMany would not bel ieve that North Dakota has some serious environmental concerns, at least I did not. I always thought of North Dakota as a stable and somewhat of a quiet state. After doing some extensive research, I found that North Dakota has environmental concerns with terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic ecosystems. As for aquatic ecosystems, the main damage has been done through haphazard artificial drainage, excessive water diversions, and improper disposal of industrial waste. Impact to terrestrialRead MoreThe Fort Berthold Indian Reservation1072 Words   |  5 PagesAn oil boom at the Fort Berthold reservation has attracted thousands of newcomers—and a wave of hard-to-prosecute crime. (Sierra Crane-Murdoch) On an early morning last June, on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in western North Dakota, tribal officer Nathan Sanchez was nearing the end of his shift when he noticed a frantic stirring in the cattails alongside the road. A girl emerged. Her jeans were wet, her halter-top fallen to her waist. Sanchez approached in his car to ask what had happenedRead MoreGas Flaring And Its Effects On The World1015 Words   |  5 Pagesdescending order include; Russia, Nigeria, Iran, Iraq and most recently the U.S. jumped to number 5 on the list due to the recent oil boom in the Bakken shale in North Dakota and production operations in Wyoming. The rest of the countries that flare gas at an alarming rate include, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Angola, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Furthermore, according to the World Bank, oil production plants around the globe burn approximately 140 billion m3 (~4.9 trillion ft3) on an annual basis. This permits moreRead MoreMany Conflicts in History718 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom similar reasons, which may happen in repetition. In the text of â€Å"North Dakota’s oil boom gives birth to new breed of migrant worker† (Newsela), a man named Andrew Klefstad goes to work in North Dakota for the same reason as anybody else; he needs more money for bills and other expenses. Andrew occasionally goes to North Dakota to clean oil spills all for the money he needs at home. People like Andrew need to go to North Dakota to solve the same conflict, money, and every time somebody goes to workRead MoreThe World Is An Ever Changing Place1229 Words   |  5 Pagesever changing place, moving at a punishing pace. This perpetual motion requires a constant source of energy. This energy comes in the form of oil and petroleum products, products that invigorate both our cars and America’s foreign and domestic policy. Oil is king. It rules everyday life, national policy, and the fates, even the lives, of millions of people. Oil is power in the form of black liquid in a barrel. However, America does not, at the moment, have the ability to control this valuable resourceRead MoreFracking Transportation And Modeling : A Literature Review3710 Words   |  15 Pagesdrilling mud, chemicals, gravel and pipes etc.) 16 (Fresh) water and its transportation modeling 16 Frac sand and its transportation 18 3.1.2 Outbound movements 19 Waste water disposal 19 Drill cuttings 20 Production: oil, natural gas liquids (NGL) and natural gas 21 Natural gas 21 Oil and Natural gas liquids 22 3.1.3 Population growth impact 23 4.0 Supply Chains in the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale Case Study Area 24 4.1 Overview of the TMS play 24 4.2 Challenges and opportunities 25 4.3 Transportation

Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature Free Essays

The two selections of literature are Cinderella for the fantasy story and a poem by Eloise Greenfield called â€Å"Tradition†. Both selections are from different cultural traditions, but portray positive messages to children and adults in today’s society. Every little girl dreams of finding her prince charming. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are more than 1500 different versions of â€Å"Cinderella† from cultures all over the world. The story of Cinderella has been in existence since 1865 and published by George Routledge. This fairy tale is one of the oldest and most familiar to young children that inspire them to believe anything is possible. The literary elements in Cinderella include the setting, characters, plot, conflict, climax, and ending. The setting was in a faraway kingdom a long time ago. The characters included a young girl name Cinderella, her stepmother, two stepsisters, the prince, and fairy godmother. The Plot of this fairy tale is a young girl who is being treated unfairly, but dreams of finding her true love. She is being mistreated by her stepmom and sisters and works as a maid in the home. Cinderella begs to go to a ball and is told she could go after all chores are completed. Once she completes the chores and finds a dress, she is maliciously attacked by her stepsisters and destroys her dress. Cinderella was shattered and thought she would never recover from this. The conflict in this story is the continual dislike from the stepmother and stepsisters against Cinderella. The climax is so exciting in this story. After Cinderella meets her fairy godmother, she dresses her in a beautiful gown and sends her to the ball, Cinderella forgets about the time and at 12:00 midnight her fantasy is over. She runs out of the ball and leaves her glass slipper. The prince is searching all over the kingdom searching for the girl who could fit the glass slipper. The ending to this fairy tale is every girl’s dream. The prince searched high and low searching for his princess. He sent his grand Duke to try the glass slipper on every girl in the kingdom and the shoe only fits one person. After Cinderella revealed she had the other glass slipper. This created one of the most romantic fairy tales ever. Cinderella and the Prince falls in love, marry, and live happily ever after. â€Å"Tradition† is a poem written by Eloise Greenfield, an Africa American poet in 1988. Eloise was born in 1929 in North Carolina; this was in the early days of the Great Depression. Eloise was influenced by memories of her childhood, observations, and stories she had read about. The literary elements in the poem include the setting, characters, plot, conflict, climax, and ending. The setting in this poem was a long time ago in a southern state. The character in this poem is any person who has worked hard throughout his or her lives with no worry of failure or fear. The plot in the poem is to live, learn, and give back to others. The conflict in this poem is dealing with self. She can achieve anything in life if she works hard and want it bad enough. The climax is rising to the occasion. If she is able to overcome adversity and focus on her goals, regardless of the many things you have been through. Success is the end of this poem. How to cite Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature, Papers

Managerial Decision Making

Questions: 1. Identify and critically explain the four discrete concepts that have been explained by Herbert Simon? 2. Describe a specific decision making scenario and Purpose of the report? Answers: Introduction In the current complex economy research on behaviour is crucial in order to understand the human decision making. Herbert Simon is a famous researcher in the area of behavioural learning in the respect of decision-making and every analysis concentrates on realising this phenomenon. This paper is trying to highlight that a significant research line is undertaken by Simon to have an understanding about decision-making and his research on proficiency and the things that has been looked down upon by the conventional research decision making society (Zsambok Klein 2014). The main aim of the essay is to understand the various discrete concepts and critically examine the four concepts explained by Herbert Simon in the management decision making process and tries to explain biasness provided in the decisions. The four concepts that will be discussed in this paper are Bounded Rationality, Heuristics, Overconfidence and Biases.. 1. Simons Theory Simons theory bounds around the idea that when human beings undertake their decisions their rationality is restricted by the tractability of the decision problem and the cognitive restrictions of their time and minds that is available to undertake the decision. Herbert Simon therefore proposed thus proposed bounded rationality as a substitute basis for the scientific framework of decision making. It looks at decision making as sensible process of discovering an best choice of the given data available. Simon used the similarity of a pair of scissors where one blade comprises of the cognitive restrictions and the other showing the environment structure. Thinking 1 The process of system 1 thinking resembles the actions of a decision making that is effortless and fast. It does not require any extensive evaluation of the situation before undertaking a decision. The decision maker is fully aware of the scenario and therefore, undertakes the decision without even taking any consultation from others. The thinking is very spontaneous and the idea that arises in the mind is undertaken as a decision. The process is very fast and automatic as the maker of the decision does not too long time as he knows what decision he is going to take. It is an effortless and emotional decision making as the maker does not evaluate the practical and logical environment and does not care the after effect of his decision. An example can be shown in the case where a person has earned his salary for the month and spontaneously has planned to go out for a holiday. The person does not think about the future events and is ready to undertake the decision. Thinking 2 System 2 Thinking on the other hand is a contrary of System 1 Thinking as this process involves a slow, conscious approach by evaluating the current and future scenarios along with the surrounding environment where the decision is to be taken. It is a more logical and explicit method as it involves careful study of the information and what effects it might have on the surrounding environment along on individual. It is a lengthy process but the decisions obtained are accurate. System 2 Thinking is preferable while undertaking crucial decisions. An example of this concept can be given when the government of a country prepares their financial budget for an annual year. In this case, the government analyzes all the relevant information that are available to them carefully before deciding upon undertaking the decision. They look for the benefits of the society and the environment and the future effect of that decision before taking any final step to undertake the decision. This system is more ideal for an effective decision making as it gives out the best probable decision that is beneficial for everyone. Bounded Rationality An important prediction of economic theory is that every actor tries to maximize their utility. In order to do the same, they need to be ideal rational agents. The theorists of economy does not assume that all the representatives of the economy manufacture similar end outcomes, but they confirm that disappearances from the lucidity are exceptional when the wagers are crucial or the inefficient representatives would vanish as they would not endure in the environment. On the other hand, when the behavioural psychologists and economists examined the assumptions of accurate rationality theories, and it was discovered that the behaviour of the representatives is continuously variable than the thought from the view of the rational agents (Jones, Bellenger Johnston 2016). Simon explains that human are not purely rational. He has scrutinized the other theories, which are based on the basis of complete rationality. Therefore, he has introduced the principle of bounded rationality. This states that the management do not go for ultimate satisfaction of a decision but are content with standard satisfaction from a decision. The management cannot provide ultimate decisions due to constraints and limitations. A decision needs to be rational for accomplishing the required outcomes and therefore a proper measure is adopted. However, it is not easy to segregate the outcomes from the means due to ends-means chain. This end-means chain rarely a completely integrated one. The relationship between the ultimate objective and the organizational activities are even not proper. It is seen that a simple end-means chain process may not help in achieving the proper conclusion because what is an outcome at a certain point or at a certain level of a firm can be a means at some other time or at other levels of the industry. It is seen that Simon therefore, has established a base for bounded rationality theories by proposing two analysis methods (Ford Richardson 2013). The first process is to examine in the psychosomatic laboratory and in the region where the human in an appropriate straightforward decision making conditions perform as the hypothesis of decision assumes. The second process is to undertake psychosomatic experiments thereby criticizing the actual processes of the human decision takers. Simons experience of examining decision-making is through the threshold. Firstly, the decisions of humans need not be predicted in prior to follow statistical, practical and any other formals, rather it should be examined pragmatically. Secondly, there are three features that needs to be taken into consideration in decision-making namely, the kind of work, the features of the surroundings and the discrete characteristics of the cognitive process that undertakes the verdict (Wu Seidmann 2014). Finally, only in the concurrence with the gathering of the pragmatic information should frameworks of decision-making process be extended and their estimations should be evaluated with the individual behaviour. Heuristics As explained before, the approach of Biased Rationality determined the partialities in decision-making by using the heuristics. By disparity, the frugal and fast process explained that sue of prudent heuristics is sensible as it permits people to get used to their surroundings (Abatecola 2014). The analysis on Simons explanations is according to the knowledge that heuristics are helpful methods. In another condition, the use of fast heuristics is not logical always. Govindan et al., (2015) discovered two major heuristics in solving problems. The first point is that specialists are choosy; they consider only pertinent alternatives and disregard immaterial ones. The process of selectivity can be done because of the past ideas that allow the researchers to understand, which alternatives are appropriate and which one is not. Secondly, the researchers look for progressive deepening strategy. Heuristics are like a mental shortcut that is useful in undertaking decisions. It has a purpose and often turns out to be most efficient process used in various decision making situations. There are many decisions that are identified according to their urgency and therefore is limited time to use a enhanced and complex system for analysis. A system for the evaluation of heuristics based error and biases may be the cost question. The availability of heuristics in the process of decision making is helpful by easing the ease of rethinking and recalling the bias and the retrievability of bias. There exists four general heuristics namely availability heuristics, representativeness heuristics, confirmation heuristics and affect heuristics. Out of these four types confirmation heuristics will be discussed as it provides the best outcome. The confirmation heuristic is the general propensity to undertake judgments by verifying past information or beliefs rather than looking to find evidence t hat disconfirms these ideas. In anchoring, an arbitrary point of starting and regulate from that starting point after deciding whether we should adjust upward or downward. However, we would be more accurate if we never allowed the arbitrary starting point to influence our decision-making in the first place. Therefore it is seen that heuristics are helpful in simplifying the decision making process and cuts off the time to make the decision making faster and it is often seen that human beings often are unable to implement heuristics accurately due to lack of knowledge. Overconfidence One of the basic factors that influence the decision making of a human is their overconfidence. Overconfidence can be categorized into various segments namely, over precision, generalisability, over placement, over estimation and decisions that are calibrated. In order to undertake a proper decision, confidence in the judgment and ability of oneself is crucial. But the problem arises that to what extent does too much confidence has any biasness over the decisions? Overconfidence is gained through over precision, over estimation and over placement. There have been many scholars like Horngren et al., (2013) who have explained overconfidence to be the vigorous results on the psychology of judgment. Overconfidence is not only considered to be vigorous, but it is also thought to be accountable for many unfavorable results. The three forms of overconfidence are: Over Precision: It refers to the person being too much confident and sure that he or she knows the truth. They feel immense certainty in their accuracy and therefore, does not interest in examining assumptions Over estimation: This means thinking oneself to be better that than they actually are. They overestimate their productivity and control. They even overestimate the scores of their results and their attractiveness. Over placement: This process means that a person takes himself to be better than others. Bias This process refers to the any sort of partiality hat have been seen in the decision making process. There are various types of biasness that affect decision making and they are as follows: Cognitive Bias Pattern Recognition Bias Stability Bias Psychological Bias Out of these only the cognitive system will be discussed as it resembles the Simons Theory. The Cognitive Bias The theorists of decision making have accepted the frameworks of characteristics of the Cognitive System of the decision taker. The best suggestion is that the Cognitive System has two sub processes, namely sub process 1 that operates mechanically with less endeavour makes use of heuristics and sub process 2 that needs endeavour, desire and is regulation supported. The model of dual aspect was critically scrutinized and two major substitute proposals were stated. On one hand, Ferrell Fraedrich (2015) suggested that a common rationale process could lead to decision-making circumstances and in another case expert psychologists suggest that the Cognitive System includes various realm based components. 2. Purpose of the report he earlier part of the paper explained the four various discrete concepts determined by Herbert Simon for a proper and accurate decision making process in human life. The four different concepts have different features and rationales that determine the process of an effective decision making and satisfaction level of humans. In this section of the paper, the four concepts will be analyzed with the help of current scenarios (Wierenga 2016). This study will be helpful in understanding the effect of these concepts in practical life and whether these concepts are put forward any biases in decision making of mankind or even in firms. Bounded Rationality Bounded rationality, the idea that behaviour can infringe a rational aspect or is unable to obey the rules of ideal rationality but is consistent with the aim of a considerable set of objectives and goals. The definition although is not entirely satisfactory. It clarifies neither the principle being infringed nor the conditions under which a set of objectives can be thought to be appropriate. But the idea of bounded rationality has always been not properly defined in these respects (Pettigrew 2014). There are some real life examples that may be helpful in clarifying these ideas and knowledge. The principle is being violated when humans go for purchasing footwear that fits the feet of the person who has gone for purchase (a warning that will find acceptance everywhere), the actions of the customers might be to purchase a pair of shoes that one size larger than the actual size. This behaviour would be thought as bounded rational if the shoes that are being purchased were required for a wedding on the current day and if a fitting pair could be attained for someone by visiting each of the 10 geographically scattered shoe shops. In this scenario, making an idea about the decision maker as a perfectionist of comfort would lead to a problem at his selection, but the purchase of inaccurate fitting shoes looks rational enough when the customers limited idea of the retail environment is taken into consideration. In another case, when the principle is being violated just to establish an electoral boundaries in such a way as to balance the population within the voting districts created, it is seen that the action of the planners might be to make sure that merely that the two populations vary by more than one percent. This behaviour may be thought to be bounded rationality if the expense of establishing an acceptable boundary arrangement were to boost with the level of appropriateness necessary because it would then be perfect to bear minimum inequalities in district populations so save vital cost of computing (Horngren et al., 2013). In each of the examples discussed earlier, it is seen that an action is without any doubt suboptimal in a few closely explained problem of choice can be rationalised by taking into consideration the overall of the environment of decision making. In the first scenario, the purchase of a pair of shoes that is one size too large does not look accurate given the customers problem of time and the ignorance of the availability of the perfectly fitting pair of shoes in the geographical environment (Kim, MacDonald Andersen 2013). It is even seen that if the planner is unable to abide by the rules of bounded rationality then repeated widening of scope are required to preserve the vision of an optimal decision making and a proper case can be made for preserving attention to the simple problem of establishing the voting districts and for the vision of the planner to be bounded rational. Heuristics and Bounded Awareness Heuristics are like a mental shortcut that is useful in undertaking decisions. It has a purpose and often turns out to be most efficient process used in various decision making situations. There are many decisions that are identified according to their urgency and therefore is limited time to use a enhanced and complex system for analysis. A system for the evaluation of heuristics based error and biases may be the cost question. There are various scenarios that are available in practical life that will be helpful in understanding the method of heuristics. A managers mood may influence his or her decision-making. He or she may be more likely to give positive performance evaluations when in a good mood. Another example can be answering the marriage question by looking whether those who get married young are likely to have larger families than those marrying later. It is needed to be considered various situations to make an accurate comparison of the base rate of people with some trait who exhibit some characteristic relative to the base rate of people with some other trait who exhibit a different characteristic. Bounded Awareness is the routine and well defined observation that individuals make to look into the effectiveness of any important data regarding the decision making process. there exists a problem of being focus by any individual and therefore it restricts awareness about any crucial information that is available outside the range of focus. An example of bound awareness can be well explained in the case when a call in the cell phone can divert the mind of the driver that might lead to an accident. Overconfidence Overconfidence can be categorized into various segments namely, over precision, generalisability, over placement, over estimation and decisions that are calibrated. In order to undertake a proper decision, confidence in the judgment and ability of oneself is crucial. This situation can be seen by looking at situations like: Wars Stock market bubbles Strikes Unnecessary lawsuits High rates of entrepreneurial failure Failure of mergers and acquisitions These are the major issues and examples that are reasons are overconfidence having an adverse effect on the process of decision making. Out of the four examples, one example is taken into consideration. It is seen that there are high failure rates of entrepreneurial success in the area of economy due to over confidence. The owners and the management of the business undertake all the crucial business decisions and run the organization. It is often seen that the owners become overconfident think that their decision will be beneficial for the firm and without making any analysis undertake the decision. This decision may turn out to be ineffective that may lead to the failure of the firm. Bias The concept of bias holds a strong ground in the process of decision making and it is seen that humans are prone to bias while undertaking any decision. A practical life scenario can be seen if we explain an example. A multinational company is undertaking an interview process for the post of a financial manager for one of their branches. There are three persons who are undertaking the interview procedure. The branch manager of the concerned branch is heading the interview procedure. They are commencing the interview by getting known about the qualification and past history of the applicant. Out of the entire applicant, there is one applicant who is found to be a student of the same school where the branch manager did his schooling. On getting to know this information, the branch manager can get biased while undertaking the selection process as he may feel that this applicant being form his school can be appropriate person as he hails from his previous school. This decision making wil l be on the basis on bias and decision may not be accurate. (Green Jr Twigg 2014). Therefore bias has an adverse effect on decision making as well. Conclusion Therefore, the current essay tries to emphasize on the four different concepts suggested by Herbert Simon that are helpful in communication and decision making of an organizations. The four concepts of Bounded Rationality, heuristics, overconfidence and bias looks to find the best alternative option available to the organization in order to increase their market share and profit in the market. The current part of the paper therefore tries to explain the various concepts that were discussed in Part 1 of this paper and then compares these concepts with real life scenarios. This process is undertaken to make a proper comparison of the concepts and their effects on the real life experience so that an idea about the biasness on decision making regarding these concepts can be easily understood. 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