Video Games And The Video Game Industry - 1290 Words

According to several studies, women are now making up a significant portion of the gaming demographic, but the industry hasn’t done much to make them feel welcome. During the last decade, the mainstream video game industry has seemed to operate under the same apparent assumptions: girls don’t play big action games, boys like the sexualization of girls in video games and won’t play as a female character unless she is heavily sexualized, and that girls play video games for the attention of boys. These assumptions are what allows the gaming industry to continue to focus on their male players, particularly young men, despite the fact that the number of women playing games today may someday soon rival the number of men. For many years, the video game industry catered to the tastes of young men with their overly-sexualized, one-dimensional female characters, and their beefy male protagonists (to identify with or aspire to). Of course there are exceptions, as there are with anything. There have been many fully-realized, non-sexualized, and interesting female characters, notably more modern characters such as Chloe Price in Dontnod’s second game, Life is Strange, Amita in Far Cry 4, and Square Enix’s more recent portrayals of Lara Croft in Tomb Raider (2013), and Rise of the Tomb Raider, but despite the occasional good example, there are many poor examples to go along; Polygon cites Metal Gear Solid: Ground Zeroes as â€Å"[one of] the worst depictions of women in gaming {in 2014}† inShow MoreRelatedVideo Games And The Video Game Industry792 Words   |  4 Pages The video game industry has changed a lot since its inception, and a large part of that is due to the video game crash of 1983. Despite this, the market itself has remained roughly the same except for the actual devices in it. The quality of the video games has drastically improved over the years. Unfortunately, something that will never change are the greedy companies looking for a quick buck. While the video game industry has grown and improved since the crash, some similarities are starting toRead MoreVideo Games And The Video Game Industry1344 Words   |  6 Pages In the year 2016, the video game industry hit an important milestone. As seen in this 2015-2019 analysis, the industry hit a market value of over $100,000,000,000: (â€Å"THE GLOBAL GAMES MARKET REACHES $99.6 BILLION IN 2016, MOBILE GENERATING 37%†). Just like today, 1983 was looking great for the future of video games. However, unlike today, 1983 did not go great for the video game industry, it went awfully. In 1983, the video game industry crashed and has not fully recovered to the value of the marketRead MoreVideo Games : The Video Game Industry1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe video game industry is one that continues to grow exponentially with consumers spending over $22 billion dollars on the gaming industry in 2014 (association, 2015). This popularity brings the opportunity to produce a stream of games that continue to expand in their nature and impact on their audience. Video games are now artistic, social and collaborative, with many allowing massive numbers of people to participate simultaneously (htt). The collaboration of the video gaming industry doesn’t stopRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Video Game Industry791 Words   |  4 PagesAn Atmosphere Unknown This is the future of the video game industry. Imagine looking through the eyes of your favorite video game character but in reality, you are actual sitting on the couch. Look to the left and you see R2-D2 trying to communicate to you. To the right, you have rebel fighters shooting at storm troopers that are attacking your home planet. Virtual reality lets you do all of this from the comfort of your home. However, Augmented reality lets you do this as well, but it is less virtualRead MoreCompetitive Positioning in the Video Game Industry639 Words   |  3 Pagesonline, PC, console, handheld and mobile game publisher with leading positions across every major category of the rapidly growing interactive entertainment software industry.†1 The video game industry of today looks vastly different than it did 10 years ago, with the stark contrast being that many firms are designing their games to be more family-friendly; the stereotypes of video games no longer being just in the realm of teenage boys. All in all, the industry is faring well with reported sales ofRead MoreVideo Game Industry : Nintendo And Sony2289 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Nowadays, the video game industry is one of the faster growing sectors in the world and it is unbelievably expected to increase its revenues for the years ahead. Big giant’s companies as Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft are constantly competing and technology and innovation are vital to keep pace with this demanding and challenging field. This essay will discuss two companies within the video games industry, Nintendo and Sony, trying to define their international strategies and their proceduresRead MoreHome Video Game Industry Analysis Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesSubject: The Home Video Game Industry: Industry Analysis History In 1949 the video game was thought of for the first time by an engineer named Ralph Baer but it would be years before video games would enter the spotlight.1 In 1972 Steve Bushnell started the first gaming company Atari. Until 1978 there were very few games for the home system. In 1982 Atari releases a newer version and sales start to sore. In 1985 Nintendo enters the market with the NES. Nintendo still outsells both companiesRead More1970s: The Birth of Video Game Industry Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1970s was considered as the birth of video game industry, the phenomenon of gaming was growing and home gaming console Home-Pong which was a one-game-only console was invented by Atari, since then, the gaming industry has become very profitable, and more and more genre of video games were created. Although video games have become more and more popular as time changes, it still has to face the criticism, ‘media panic’. Meida panic happens when a new media appears; people will have aRead MoreFive Forces Analysis of the Video Game Industry943 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Video Game Industry The video game industry is the economic sector involved with the development, marketing and sale of video and computer games. It includes video game consoles, game software, handheld devices, mobile games and online games. The video gaming industry has been growing exponentially in recent years with Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo competing for the higher profits in the market. This essay will analyze each of the five forces acting on the industry: threat of newRead MoreElectronic Arts and the Global Video Game Industry Essay2158 Words   |  9 Pages ¡Ã‚ §frequent ¡Ã‚ ¨ player of video games or at least owns the necessary equipment. This target group spends five or more hours a week playing video games. The United States is the largest video game market in the world with about 50% of the US population (145 Million people) spending 6.5 hours a week on computers and video games. The majority of video game players are preteens, teenagers, and young adults (between the age of 20 and 40). A full 70% of college students play video games at least occasionally

Oil Boom in North Dakota - 5022 Words

UNITED STATES Oil in the Bakken region is boosting local economies but attracting a gritty scene Albertans know well The strip clubs in Williston, N.D., are the rowdiest that Tatiana, an exotic dancer who has performed in Las Vegas and New York, has ever seen. Oil workers coming off the nearby rigs pack the city s two clubs, Whispers and Heartbreakers, every night. They smell like work. They wear dirty T-shirts. They fall asleep face first on the bar. And then there are the prostitutes. Tatiana, who asked that her real name not be used, noticed them wandering though the crowd looking for customers on her first night in North Dakota. They re not in there to tip the dancers, she says with a laugh. Williston is the heart of†¦show more content†¦Some of those drivers are bound for Estevan, where they load their product onto the CP lines in the middle of town, which, Mayor St. Onge admits, is a little bit dangerous. F OR many years, North Dakota has been the least visited state in the Union. There are no real tourist attractions here; Mount Rushmore is in South Dakota. The late news man Eric Sevareid, who was born in North Dakota, called his native state â€Å"a large, rectangular blank spot in the nation’s mind.† But reporters from all over the world have been coming here lately, because North Dakota boasts one of the most interesting and exciting stories in the country: an honest-to-goodness boom. The state has the lowest unemployment rate in the country, at 3.1 percent. Some wonder who could be out of work, given all the â€Å"Help Wanted† signs. North Dakota is No. 1 in job growth and No. 1 in income growth. At the heart of this pros ¬perity is the Bakken formation, located in the northwestern part of the state. It’s a vast pot of oil. â€Å"Bakken,† incidentally, rhymes with â€Å"rockin’.† They have a bumper sticker here: â€Å"Rockin’ the Bakken.† Oil was discovered in this area in 1951, but the trick was extracting it. Then, not long ago, came a marriage of two techniques—one older, one newer. The older one was â€Å"hy - draulic fracturing,† or â€Å"fracking,† for short. This is the method by which oil or natural gas is forced from rock. The newer technique was horizontalShow MoreRelatedThe Oil And Natural Gas Resources1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In North Dakota, the nation’s second largest petroleum producing state after Texas, the number of rigs has dropped to 65 from some 191 last year. More than 10,000 jobs have been lost. And unemployment insurance benefits have risen by a reported 115 percent† (Bobb). The Bakken Formation is the oil and natural gas resource in North Dakota. The Bakken Oil Field in North Dakota is young, at only ten to fifteen years old. It has experienced tremendous growth and success, but is now in its first recessionRead MoreImpact Of The On North Dakota Essay 1240 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected by the Oil boom, countless have made millions on this product. Oil isn t always easy to find, as a matter of fact, it can be very difficult. Often times oil seeps to the top of the surface, making it easy to find, but most of the time people have to drill to find it. In the earlier days rigs could only work on land, however now we can use oil platforms to get oil from under sea beds. Many towns like Bainville and Watford city are being affected very heavily because of the oil, changes include:Read MoreIndigenous Peoples Of Native Americans919 Words   |  4 Pagesrestore what damage that has been done to them. But instead, big companies are destroying sacred land all over the United States by mining, drilling for oil, or even building for scientific research. â€Å"Since the late 1800s, the U.S. government has appropriated much of the original tribal lands associated with the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota for railroads and white homesteaders.† (Lustgarten) These lands were to be set aside and untouchable to the nonnatives. These lands were supposed toRead MoreWind Power: Giving Back to the Environment Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe western plains of North Dakota have recently experienced a boom of a great magnitude. The oil industry has found great success from fracking in the region. This Fracking is producing considerable amounts of oil and natural gas. Although the region has seen great wealth from these fossil fuels we need to remember that they are pumping great amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere which is essentially destroying our environment. Taking care of our environment has come to the forefront of the powerRead MoreNorth Dakota s State Regulatory Agencies2619 Words   |  11 PagesMany would not bel ieve that North Dakota has some serious environmental concerns, at least I did not. I always thought of North Dakota as a stable and somewhat of a quiet state. After doing some extensive research, I found that North Dakota has environmental concerns with terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic ecosystems. As for aquatic ecosystems, the main damage has been done through haphazard artificial drainage, excessive water diversions, and improper disposal of industrial waste. Impact to terrestrialRead MoreThe Fort Berthold Indian Reservation1072 Words   |  5 PagesAn oil boom at the Fort Berthold reservation has attracted thousands of newcomers—and a wave of hard-to-prosecute crime. (Sierra Crane-Murdoch) On an early morning last June, on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in western North Dakota, tribal officer Nathan Sanchez was nearing the end of his shift when he noticed a frantic stirring in the cattails alongside the road. A girl emerged. Her jeans were wet, her halter-top fallen to her waist. Sanchez approached in his car to ask what had happenedRead MoreGas Flaring And Its Effects On The World1015 Words   |  5 Pagesdescending order include; Russia, Nigeria, Iran, Iraq and most recently the U.S. jumped to number 5 on the list due to the recent oil boom in the Bakken shale in North Dakota and production operations in Wyoming. The rest of the countries that flare gas at an alarming rate include, Algeria, Kazakhstan, Angola, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Furthermore, according to the World Bank, oil production plants around the globe burn approximately 140 billion m3 (~4.9 trillion ft3) on an annual basis. This permits moreRead MoreMany Conflicts in History718 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom similar reasons, which may happen in repetition. In the text of â€Å"North Dakota’s oil boom gives birth to new breed of migrant worker† (Newsela), a man named Andrew Klefstad goes to work in North Dakota for the same reason as anybody else; he needs more money for bills and other expenses. Andrew occasionally goes to North Dakota to clean oil spills all for the money he needs at home. People like Andrew need to go to North Dakota to solve the same conflict, money, and every time somebody goes to workRead MoreThe World Is An Ever Changing Place1229 Words   |  5 Pagesever changing place, moving at a punishing pace. This perpetual motion requires a constant source of energy. This energy comes in the form of oil and petroleum products, products that invigorate both our cars and America’s foreign and domestic policy. Oil is king. It rules everyday life, national policy, and the fates, even the lives, of millions of people. Oil is power in the form of black liquid in a barrel. However, America does not, at the moment, have the ability to control this valuable resourceRead MoreFracking Transportation And Modeling : A Literature Review3710 Words   |  15 Pagesdrilling mud, chemicals, gravel and pipes etc.) 16 (Fresh) water and its transportation modeling 16 Frac sand and its transportation 18 3.1.2 Outbound movements 19 Waste water disposal 19 Drill cuttings 20 Production: oil, natural gas liquids (NGL) and natural gas 21 Natural gas 21 Oil and Natural gas liquids 22 3.1.3 Population growth impact 23 4.0 Supply Chains in the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale Case Study Area 24 4.1 Overview of the TMS play 24 4.2 Challenges and opportunities 25 4.3 Transportation

Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature Free Essays

The two selections of literature are Cinderella for the fantasy story and a poem by Eloise Greenfield called â€Å"Tradition†. Both selections are from different cultural traditions, but portray positive messages to children and adults in today’s society. Every little girl dreams of finding her prince charming. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are more than 1500 different versions of â€Å"Cinderella† from cultures all over the world. The story of Cinderella has been in existence since 1865 and published by George Routledge. This fairy tale is one of the oldest and most familiar to young children that inspire them to believe anything is possible. The literary elements in Cinderella include the setting, characters, plot, conflict, climax, and ending. The setting was in a faraway kingdom a long time ago. The characters included a young girl name Cinderella, her stepmother, two stepsisters, the prince, and fairy godmother. The Plot of this fairy tale is a young girl who is being treated unfairly, but dreams of finding her true love. She is being mistreated by her stepmom and sisters and works as a maid in the home. Cinderella begs to go to a ball and is told she could go after all chores are completed. Once she completes the chores and finds a dress, she is maliciously attacked by her stepsisters and destroys her dress. Cinderella was shattered and thought she would never recover from this. The conflict in this story is the continual dislike from the stepmother and stepsisters against Cinderella. The climax is so exciting in this story. After Cinderella meets her fairy godmother, she dresses her in a beautiful gown and sends her to the ball, Cinderella forgets about the time and at 12:00 midnight her fantasy is over. She runs out of the ball and leaves her glass slipper. The prince is searching all over the kingdom searching for the girl who could fit the glass slipper. The ending to this fairy tale is every girl’s dream. The prince searched high and low searching for his princess. He sent his grand Duke to try the glass slipper on every girl in the kingdom and the shoe only fits one person. After Cinderella revealed she had the other glass slipper. This created one of the most romantic fairy tales ever. Cinderella and the Prince falls in love, marry, and live happily ever after. â€Å"Tradition† is a poem written by Eloise Greenfield, an Africa American poet in 1988. Eloise was born in 1929 in North Carolina; this was in the early days of the Great Depression. Eloise was influenced by memories of her childhood, observations, and stories she had read about. The literary elements in the poem include the setting, characters, plot, conflict, climax, and ending. The setting in this poem was a long time ago in a southern state. The character in this poem is any person who has worked hard throughout his or her lives with no worry of failure or fear. The plot in the poem is to live, learn, and give back to others. The conflict in this poem is dealing with self. She can achieve anything in life if she works hard and want it bad enough. The climax is rising to the occasion. If she is able to overcome adversity and focus on her goals, regardless of the many things you have been through. Success is the end of this poem. How to cite Fantasy and Poetry in Children’s Literature, Papers

Managerial Decision Making

Questions: 1. Identify and critically explain the four discrete concepts that have been explained by Herbert Simon? 2. Describe a specific decision making scenario and Purpose of the report? Answers: Introduction In the current complex economy research on behaviour is crucial in order to understand the human decision making. Herbert Simon is a famous researcher in the area of behavioural learning in the respect of decision-making and every analysis concentrates on realising this phenomenon. This paper is trying to highlight that a significant research line is undertaken by Simon to have an understanding about decision-making and his research on proficiency and the things that has been looked down upon by the conventional research decision making society (Zsambok Klein 2014). The main aim of the essay is to understand the various discrete concepts and critically examine the four concepts explained by Herbert Simon in the management decision making process and tries to explain biasness provided in the decisions. The four concepts that will be discussed in this paper are Bounded Rationality, Heuristics, Overconfidence and Biases.. 1. Simons Theory Simons theory bounds around the idea that when human beings undertake their decisions their rationality is restricted by the tractability of the decision problem and the cognitive restrictions of their time and minds that is available to undertake the decision. Herbert Simon therefore proposed thus proposed bounded rationality as a substitute basis for the scientific framework of decision making. It looks at decision making as sensible process of discovering an best choice of the given data available. Simon used the similarity of a pair of scissors where one blade comprises of the cognitive restrictions and the other showing the environment structure. Thinking 1 The process of system 1 thinking resembles the actions of a decision making that is effortless and fast. It does not require any extensive evaluation of the situation before undertaking a decision. The decision maker is fully aware of the scenario and therefore, undertakes the decision without even taking any consultation from others. The thinking is very spontaneous and the idea that arises in the mind is undertaken as a decision. The process is very fast and automatic as the maker of the decision does not too long time as he knows what decision he is going to take. It is an effortless and emotional decision making as the maker does not evaluate the practical and logical environment and does not care the after effect of his decision. An example can be shown in the case where a person has earned his salary for the month and spontaneously has planned to go out for a holiday. The person does not think about the future events and is ready to undertake the decision. Thinking 2 System 2 Thinking on the other hand is a contrary of System 1 Thinking as this process involves a slow, conscious approach by evaluating the current and future scenarios along with the surrounding environment where the decision is to be taken. It is a more logical and explicit method as it involves careful study of the information and what effects it might have on the surrounding environment along on individual. It is a lengthy process but the decisions obtained are accurate. System 2 Thinking is preferable while undertaking crucial decisions. An example of this concept can be given when the government of a country prepares their financial budget for an annual year. In this case, the government analyzes all the relevant information that are available to them carefully before deciding upon undertaking the decision. They look for the benefits of the society and the environment and the future effect of that decision before taking any final step to undertake the decision. This system is more ideal for an effective decision making as it gives out the best probable decision that is beneficial for everyone. Bounded Rationality An important prediction of economic theory is that every actor tries to maximize their utility. In order to do the same, they need to be ideal rational agents. The theorists of economy does not assume that all the representatives of the economy manufacture similar end outcomes, but they confirm that disappearances from the lucidity are exceptional when the wagers are crucial or the inefficient representatives would vanish as they would not endure in the environment. On the other hand, when the behavioural psychologists and economists examined the assumptions of accurate rationality theories, and it was discovered that the behaviour of the representatives is continuously variable than the thought from the view of the rational agents (Jones, Bellenger Johnston 2016). Simon explains that human are not purely rational. He has scrutinized the other theories, which are based on the basis of complete rationality. Therefore, he has introduced the principle of bounded rationality. This states that the management do not go for ultimate satisfaction of a decision but are content with standard satisfaction from a decision. The management cannot provide ultimate decisions due to constraints and limitations. A decision needs to be rational for accomplishing the required outcomes and therefore a proper measure is adopted. However, it is not easy to segregate the outcomes from the means due to ends-means chain. This end-means chain rarely a completely integrated one. The relationship between the ultimate objective and the organizational activities are even not proper. It is seen that a simple end-means chain process may not help in achieving the proper conclusion because what is an outcome at a certain point or at a certain level of a firm can be a means at some other time or at other levels of the industry. It is seen that Simon therefore, has established a base for bounded rationality theories by proposing two analysis methods (Ford Richardson 2013). The first process is to examine in the psychosomatic laboratory and in the region where the human in an appropriate straightforward decision making conditions perform as the hypothesis of decision assumes. The second process is to undertake psychosomatic experiments thereby criticizing the actual processes of the human decision takers. Simons experience of examining decision-making is through the threshold. Firstly, the decisions of humans need not be predicted in prior to follow statistical, practical and any other formals, rather it should be examined pragmatically. Secondly, there are three features that needs to be taken into consideration in decision-making namely, the kind of work, the features of the surroundings and the discrete characteristics of the cognitive process that undertakes the verdict (Wu Seidmann 2014). Finally, only in the concurrence with the gathering of the pragmatic information should frameworks of decision-making process be extended and their estimations should be evaluated with the individual behaviour. Heuristics As explained before, the approach of Biased Rationality determined the partialities in decision-making by using the heuristics. By disparity, the frugal and fast process explained that sue of prudent heuristics is sensible as it permits people to get used to their surroundings (Abatecola 2014). The analysis on Simons explanations is according to the knowledge that heuristics are helpful methods. In another condition, the use of fast heuristics is not logical always. Govindan et al., (2015) discovered two major heuristics in solving problems. The first point is that specialists are choosy; they consider only pertinent alternatives and disregard immaterial ones. The process of selectivity can be done because of the past ideas that allow the researchers to understand, which alternatives are appropriate and which one is not. Secondly, the researchers look for progressive deepening strategy. Heuristics are like a mental shortcut that is useful in undertaking decisions. It has a purpose and often turns out to be most efficient process used in various decision making situations. There are many decisions that are identified according to their urgency and therefore is limited time to use a enhanced and complex system for analysis. A system for the evaluation of heuristics based error and biases may be the cost question. The availability of heuristics in the process of decision making is helpful by easing the ease of rethinking and recalling the bias and the retrievability of bias. There exists four general heuristics namely availability heuristics, representativeness heuristics, confirmation heuristics and affect heuristics. Out of these four types confirmation heuristics will be discussed as it provides the best outcome. The confirmation heuristic is the general propensity to undertake judgments by verifying past information or beliefs rather than looking to find evidence t hat disconfirms these ideas. In anchoring, an arbitrary point of starting and regulate from that starting point after deciding whether we should adjust upward or downward. However, we would be more accurate if we never allowed the arbitrary starting point to influence our decision-making in the first place. Therefore it is seen that heuristics are helpful in simplifying the decision making process and cuts off the time to make the decision making faster and it is often seen that human beings often are unable to implement heuristics accurately due to lack of knowledge. Overconfidence One of the basic factors that influence the decision making of a human is their overconfidence. Overconfidence can be categorized into various segments namely, over precision, generalisability, over placement, over estimation and decisions that are calibrated. In order to undertake a proper decision, confidence in the judgment and ability of oneself is crucial. But the problem arises that to what extent does too much confidence has any biasness over the decisions? Overconfidence is gained through over precision, over estimation and over placement. There have been many scholars like Horngren et al., (2013) who have explained overconfidence to be the vigorous results on the psychology of judgment. Overconfidence is not only considered to be vigorous, but it is also thought to be accountable for many unfavorable results. The three forms of overconfidence are: Over Precision: It refers to the person being too much confident and sure that he or she knows the truth. They feel immense certainty in their accuracy and therefore, does not interest in examining assumptions Over estimation: This means thinking oneself to be better that than they actually are. They overestimate their productivity and control. They even overestimate the scores of their results and their attractiveness. Over placement: This process means that a person takes himself to be better than others. Bias This process refers to the any sort of partiality hat have been seen in the decision making process. There are various types of biasness that affect decision making and they are as follows: Cognitive Bias Pattern Recognition Bias Stability Bias Psychological Bias Out of these only the cognitive system will be discussed as it resembles the Simons Theory. The Cognitive Bias The theorists of decision making have accepted the frameworks of characteristics of the Cognitive System of the decision taker. The best suggestion is that the Cognitive System has two sub processes, namely sub process 1 that operates mechanically with less endeavour makes use of heuristics and sub process 2 that needs endeavour, desire and is regulation supported. The model of dual aspect was critically scrutinized and two major substitute proposals were stated. On one hand, Ferrell Fraedrich (2015) suggested that a common rationale process could lead to decision-making circumstances and in another case expert psychologists suggest that the Cognitive System includes various realm based components. 2. Purpose of the report he earlier part of the paper explained the four various discrete concepts determined by Herbert Simon for a proper and accurate decision making process in human life. The four different concepts have different features and rationales that determine the process of an effective decision making and satisfaction level of humans. In this section of the paper, the four concepts will be analyzed with the help of current scenarios (Wierenga 2016). This study will be helpful in understanding the effect of these concepts in practical life and whether these concepts are put forward any biases in decision making of mankind or even in firms. Bounded Rationality Bounded rationality, the idea that behaviour can infringe a rational aspect or is unable to obey the rules of ideal rationality but is consistent with the aim of a considerable set of objectives and goals. The definition although is not entirely satisfactory. It clarifies neither the principle being infringed nor the conditions under which a set of objectives can be thought to be appropriate. But the idea of bounded rationality has always been not properly defined in these respects (Pettigrew 2014). There are some real life examples that may be helpful in clarifying these ideas and knowledge. The principle is being violated when humans go for purchasing footwear that fits the feet of the person who has gone for purchase (a warning that will find acceptance everywhere), the actions of the customers might be to purchase a pair of shoes that one size larger than the actual size. This behaviour would be thought as bounded rational if the shoes that are being purchased were required for a wedding on the current day and if a fitting pair could be attained for someone by visiting each of the 10 geographically scattered shoe shops. In this scenario, making an idea about the decision maker as a perfectionist of comfort would lead to a problem at his selection, but the purchase of inaccurate fitting shoes looks rational enough when the customers limited idea of the retail environment is taken into consideration. In another case, when the principle is being violated just to establish an electoral boundaries in such a way as to balance the population within the voting districts created, it is seen that the action of the planners might be to make sure that merely that the two populations vary by more than one percent. This behaviour may be thought to be bounded rationality if the expense of establishing an acceptable boundary arrangement were to boost with the level of appropriateness necessary because it would then be perfect to bear minimum inequalities in district populations so save vital cost of computing (Horngren et al., 2013). In each of the examples discussed earlier, it is seen that an action is without any doubt suboptimal in a few closely explained problem of choice can be rationalised by taking into consideration the overall of the environment of decision making. In the first scenario, the purchase of a pair of shoes that is one size too large does not look accurate given the customers problem of time and the ignorance of the availability of the perfectly fitting pair of shoes in the geographical environment (Kim, MacDonald Andersen 2013). It is even seen that if the planner is unable to abide by the rules of bounded rationality then repeated widening of scope are required to preserve the vision of an optimal decision making and a proper case can be made for preserving attention to the simple problem of establishing the voting districts and for the vision of the planner to be bounded rational. Heuristics and Bounded Awareness Heuristics are like a mental shortcut that is useful in undertaking decisions. It has a purpose and often turns out to be most efficient process used in various decision making situations. There are many decisions that are identified according to their urgency and therefore is limited time to use a enhanced and complex system for analysis. A system for the evaluation of heuristics based error and biases may be the cost question. There are various scenarios that are available in practical life that will be helpful in understanding the method of heuristics. A managers mood may influence his or her decision-making. He or she may be more likely to give positive performance evaluations when in a good mood. Another example can be answering the marriage question by looking whether those who get married young are likely to have larger families than those marrying later. It is needed to be considered various situations to make an accurate comparison of the base rate of people with some trait who exhibit some characteristic relative to the base rate of people with some other trait who exhibit a different characteristic. Bounded Awareness is the routine and well defined observation that individuals make to look into the effectiveness of any important data regarding the decision making process. there exists a problem of being focus by any individual and therefore it restricts awareness about any crucial information that is available outside the range of focus. An example of bound awareness can be well explained in the case when a call in the cell phone can divert the mind of the driver that might lead to an accident. Overconfidence Overconfidence can be categorized into various segments namely, over precision, generalisability, over placement, over estimation and decisions that are calibrated. In order to undertake a proper decision, confidence in the judgment and ability of oneself is crucial. This situation can be seen by looking at situations like: Wars Stock market bubbles Strikes Unnecessary lawsuits High rates of entrepreneurial failure Failure of mergers and acquisitions These are the major issues and examples that are reasons are overconfidence having an adverse effect on the process of decision making. Out of the four examples, one example is taken into consideration. It is seen that there are high failure rates of entrepreneurial success in the area of economy due to over confidence. The owners and the management of the business undertake all the crucial business decisions and run the organization. It is often seen that the owners become overconfident think that their decision will be beneficial for the firm and without making any analysis undertake the decision. This decision may turn out to be ineffective that may lead to the failure of the firm. Bias The concept of bias holds a strong ground in the process of decision making and it is seen that humans are prone to bias while undertaking any decision. A practical life scenario can be seen if we explain an example. A multinational company is undertaking an interview process for the post of a financial manager for one of their branches. There are three persons who are undertaking the interview procedure. The branch manager of the concerned branch is heading the interview procedure. They are commencing the interview by getting known about the qualification and past history of the applicant. Out of the entire applicant, there is one applicant who is found to be a student of the same school where the branch manager did his schooling. On getting to know this information, the branch manager can get biased while undertaking the selection process as he may feel that this applicant being form his school can be appropriate person as he hails from his previous school. This decision making wil l be on the basis on bias and decision may not be accurate. (Green Jr Twigg 2014). Therefore bias has an adverse effect on decision making as well. Conclusion Therefore, the current essay tries to emphasize on the four different concepts suggested by Herbert Simon that are helpful in communication and decision making of an organizations. The four concepts of Bounded Rationality, heuristics, overconfidence and bias looks to find the best alternative option available to the organization in order to increase their market share and profit in the market. The current part of the paper therefore tries to explain the various concepts that were discussed in Part 1 of this paper and then compares these concepts with real life scenarios. This process is undertaken to make a proper comparison of the concepts and their effects on the real life experience so that an idea about the biasness on decision making regarding these concepts can be easily understood. The paper discusses every concept in detail and the success or the limitations that are linked with these concepts can be easily understood. References Abatecola, G. (2014). Untangling self-reinforcing processes in managerial decision making. Co-evolving heuristics?.Management Decision,52(5), 934-949. Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015).An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Bector, C. R., Bhatt, S. K., Appadoo, S. S. (2014). On the Role of Fuzzy Sets and Systems in Managerial Decision Making.International Journal of Business Analytics and Intelligence,2(2), 1. Bhattacharya, A., Mohapatra, P., Kumar, V., Dey, P. K., Brady, M., Tiwari, M. K., Nudurupati, S. S. (2014). Green supply chain performance measurement using fuzzy ANP-based balanced scorecard: a collaborative decision-making approach.Production Planning Control,25(8), 698-714. Butler, S. A., Ghosh, D. (2015). Individual differences in managerial accounting judgments and decision making.The British Accounting Review,47(1), 33-45. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., Murugesan, P. (2015). Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,98, 66-83. Green Jr, K. W., Twigg, N. W. (2014). Managerial decision making under chaotic conditions: Service industries.Emergence: Complexity and Organization,16(3), 18. Hasan, Y., Shamsuddin, A., Aziati, N. (2013). The impact of management information systems adoption in managerial decision making: A review.The International Scientific Journal of Management Information Systems,8(4), 010-017. Horngren, C. T., Sundem, G. L., Schatzberg, J. O., Burgstahler, D. (2013).Introduction to management accounting. Pearson Higher Ed. Huang, C. L., Tsai, J. L. (2015). Managerial Morality and Philanthropic Decision-Making: A Test of an Agency Model.Journal of Business Ethics,132(4), 795-811. Jones, C. M., Bellenger, D., Johnston, W. J. (2016). The Influence of Mergers and Acquisitions on RD Managerial Decision Making: A Multiple-Case Study of Pharmaceutical Firms. Kim, H., MacDonald, R. H., Andersen, D. F. (2013). Simulation and Managerial Decision Making: A Double?Loop Learning Framework.Public Administration Review,73(2), 291-300. Klein, B. D. (2016). Developing an Applied, Integrated MBA Managerial Decision Making Course.Journal of the Midwest Association for Information Systems| Vol,2016(2), 61. Myburgh, W., Watson, M. B., Foxcroft, C. D. (2015). Development and validation of a managerial decision making self-efficacy questionnaire.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,41(1), 01-15. Myers, N., Starliper, M. W., Summers, S. L., Wood, D. A. (2016). The Impact of Shadow IT Systems on Perceived Information Credibility and Managerial Decision Making. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014).The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Sharma, R., Mithas, S., Kankanhalli, A. (2014). Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organisations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), 433-441. Watson, M. B., Foxcroft, C. D. (2015). Development and validation of a managerial decision making self-efficacy questionnaire: original research.SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,41(1), 1-15. Wierenga, B. (2016). Managerial Decision Making in Marketing: Introduction to the Special Issue.Journal of Marketing Behavior,2(2-3), 77-80. Wiersema, M. (2015). Executive Decision-Making: Linking Dynamic Managerial Capabilities to the Resource Portfolio and Strategic Outcomes. Wu, T., Seidmann, A. (2014, January). Do Competitive Environments Have an Effect on Managerial Decision Making? An Empirical Investigation of the Newsvendor Problem. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 4180-4189). IEEE. Zsambok, C. E., Klein, G. (2014).Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

History 1000 Essays - Political Philosophy, Politics, Communism

History 1000 The Impact of Communism Communism is a social, political and economic ideology were the goal is to establish a communist society where which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. There are many branches of communism, one of them is Marxism. The society branches from the economic system, capitalism and the two major social classes. The two social classes are the working class who must work to survive and make up the majority of the society and the capitalist class who prosper from profit through their own businesses. The social and economic conflict between the two classes will start the change in the economic system and the society. The Origins of communism are debatable but Karl Marx would be considered one of the primitive communist. For Marx he saw after humanity went from substantial farming to having extra food, private property developed. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon capitalist development. At one time there were small communist communities in medieval Christian churches, some communities shared their land and property. Communist thoughts were traced back to the 16 th century writer Thomas More. He created the Treaties of Utopia, in which he talked about society based on common ownership and the ruler would give it out through reason. Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the age of enlightenment of the 18 th century through thinkers like Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Then after the French revolution begins and communism emerged as a political doctrine. Marx stated that Russia might have been able to skip the stage of the Bourgeois rule. Some socialists believed that a Russian revolution could be the beginning of workers revolution in the west. Bolsheviks successful rise to power was based upon slogans like "peace, bread and land". This made the public's desire for Russia to end involvement in the war, the peasants demanded for their land. During the Russian civil war the Bolsheviks nationalized all the productive property and made a policy named war communism, this put factories and railroads under strict government control, collected the extra food and introduced managements of industries. After three years of constant war and the Kronstadt rebellion, Lenin declared a new economic policy which was to give a "limited place for a limited time to capitalism." Joseph Stalin got leadership of the party and started the Five Year Plan. The great purge was Stalin's attempt to get rid of anyone who opposed the communist party. After the Russian civil war the Bolsheviks formed the Soviet Union from the Rus sian empire. The Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower with influences of Europe and Asia. The Japanese and European empires were shattered and the communist parties were the main role in the independence movements. Marxist and Leninist government shaped the Soviet Union and took power with many other nations. Communism was constantly spreading throughout many nation including Bulgaria, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Romania. Albania also became a Marxist Leninist state after World War 2. In 1950 the Chinese Marxist-Leninist was starting to take over China. In both Korean and Vietnam War the communists fought against the United States. The communist attempted to unite with both nationalist and socialist to fight against western imperialism in the poor countries. Communism was seen as a threat to western capitalism in the 20 th century. This continued throughout the cold war with the two main superpowers being the United States and the Soviet Union. They both started to expand their military capacity, nuclear weapons and compete in space exploration. In India communists lead the government of three state, and Nepal holds the majority of the parliament. The communist party in Brazil is a part of the parliamentary coalition led by the democratic socialist and it is represented by the executive cabinet of Dilma Rousseff. The people's Republic of China stopped the Maoist legacy along with Laos, Vietnam and to a lesser degree Cuba, has reduced state control of the economy in order to start a growth. Chinese economic reform begun in 1978 under the ruler Deng Xiaoping then china has

Fit and Fitted

Fit and Fitted Fit and Fitted Fit and Fitted By Maeve Maddox A Lenscrafter television advertisement showing a man being fitted for glasses caught my attention with its unidiomatic use of the verb fit. At the beginning of the ad, the man is in a traditional examining room, looking anxiously through multiple lenses. At the end of the ad, he is seated comfortably in front of a device that ascertains his prescription by digital means. A voice-over asks, Why have your glasses fit manually? My internal usage detector immediately corrected the question to Why have your glasses fitted manually? American speakers do sometimes use fit instead of fitted as a past form, as in this example: In his case, the punishment fit the crime. In the context of having glasses made to measure, however, fitted is the preferred past form in standard US English. The following examples from US sources indicate that Lenscrafters use of fit as a past form does not agree with common usage in the context of fitting eyeglasses: Safety glasses which are professionally measured and fitted to the individual are recommended for permanent employees whose job duties require frequent eye protection.- University of North Carolina You can also send us new frames you’ve already bought and had fitted and we will fit new lenses into them.- Texas-based mail-order business. After this testing has been completed, your eye doctor will gather additional information so you can be fitted with contact lenses.- US vision information site. This is why it is important to have your eyeglasses fitted before you bring them home.- New Hampshire optometry office. Fitted is also the preferred form in the context of installing or equipping something: Since I last wrote about this issue in 2002, more rental cars have been fitted with such systems, which can instantly relay information on your cars speed, route and position to the rental company.- LA Times More than 200 paroled burglars in Connecticut will be fitted with global tracking devices as part of the states response to a home invasion in Cheshire last month that claimed the lives of a woman and her two daughters.- NY Times After selecting the plan, Hernandez learned it didnt cover the audiologist who had fitted her daughter, who is partially deaf, with a hearing aid.- Chicago Tribune An artist is planning to release about 2000 pigeons  fitted  with LED  lights  over New Yorks East River.- UPI news site. Finally, here are some examples of things being fitted manually: Most polar exploration aircraft must be  fitted manually  with skis for operating on snow.- Popular Mechanics To change the tower lights’ colors, plastic gels are fitted manually over metal halide lamps or floodlights and fluorescent tubes in various color combinations.- Article about the Empire State Building on a US trivia site The models generated for helix ÃŽ ±A, helix ÃŽ ±B and helix ÃŽ ±C located in TraF/VirB10NT  were fitted manually in one monomer of the difference map. - US government science site. Both forms, fit and fitted, are used as adjectives, but with different meanings. Compare: This dress is fit for a princess. (suitable) He never buys fitted sheets. (designed to fit closely) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithHyper and Hypo7 Proofreading Steps

Changes in the Transactions Cost Problems Assignment

Changes in the Transactions Cost Problems - Assignment Example The transaction cost perspective on the history of the business organization then emerges largely in contrast to the neoclassical model. Williamson (1981, p. 87) argued that there were a variety of distinguishing elements between the transaction perspective and the neoclassical approach. ... 27). It would seem then that the transaction implementation of governance structures more comprehensively explains business organization. Another of the prominent supports of the e-transaction cost perspective has been in terms of behavioral assumptions. And indeed, Daniel Kahneman was recently awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in behavioral economics, attesting to the general academic acceptance of transaction perspective on the history of organizations (‘Maps of Bounded Rationality’, 2012). While previous economic theories emphasized rational markets, transaction market perspectives consider that markets must be understood in terms of bounded rationality. Bounded rationality assumes that individuals or organizations will operate within the bounded structures of their minds. The recognition that markets to a degree are irrational attests to the recognition that transaction costs have perhaps been a more accurate determinant of business organization than previous mode ls, namely the neoclassical emphasis on hyper-rationality. Essentially, these classical perspectives, as evidenced in Adam Smith’s invisible hands of the market, as well as comparative advantage theories, argued that the market functions in rationally determined ways. The transaction cost perspective takes on a view of business organization and markets as subject to more modern perspectives, including behaviorism. In addition to corporate governance, and behavioral assumptions, the view that transaction costs explain the history of the business organization is supported by a number of other elements.

Bicycle patrol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bicycle patrol - Essay Example They are – The International Police Mountain Bike Association (IPMBA), and the Law Enforcement Bike Association (LEBA). The IPMBA model is more popular and known (Shah, 2003). According to IPMBA resources, mountain bicycles are used in police departments to control criminal activities. It has become a fashion to prepare a bicycle patrol unit throughout United States of America’s state police departments because of the benefits. Bikes are noiseless, cheap and dependable and are helpful in filling up the gap between automobiles and foot patrol. Communities prefer to talk to a bike patrol officer than to a neighborhood beat officer. It helps policing efforts to solve problems. Bicycle officers can make better use of their senses of eye, ear and smelling in searching criminals. Criminals don’t doubt their presence around even if they are in uniform. Another benefit of mountain bike is its worth in crowded urban areas, where traffic is very slow, and crowd comes in between the motorized way. Bikes can enter into parks, parking lots, institutions, colonies, business centers, tourist complexes and VIP functions. The streets, side-walks, alleys, trails and such areas can be reached via a bike, where motor vehicles cannot enter due to lack of space. They are useful both in urban and remote areas to save people from casualties also (IPMBA resources). It is very important to learn how to handle weapon at the time of patrol cycling. Bike can be used as a protective tool also. The option of ‘use of force’ shows that bike is not just a medium of transport but techniques like riding stairs, cone courses and slow speed skills besides scenario exercises, and suspect encounters add to the already learnt cycling skills. So, passing the training course is very important before practicing police bike patrols (Shah, 2003). Here lies the importance of IPMBA courses like Security Cyclist certification courses. The Complete Guide to Police Cycling of IPMBA covers

Unit 5 Case Project Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 Case Project Questions - Coursework Example The EIGRP is on average 90, while OSPF has a larger distance scale and is 110. Load balancing is one of the option and function that is relatively common between these two. The link state nature and support of OSPF over the EIGRP which supports distant vector protocol also amounts to one of the major difference between the two protocols used in communication systems and networks (Syngress, 2001, p 38). With the given facts and information based detailed, it can be evaluated that OSPF may be preferred over EIGRP on the account of fact that is more flexible and supportive towards the large scaled networks. The option of ease of network is another area which it will enable if implemented in the large scaled networks. The non reliance on the CISCO hardware is another plus and all these options and factors should be taken into account with regard to the decision making between EIGRP and

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn

John Keats: Ode On A Grecian Urn Thou still unravishd bride of quietness[im1], Thou foster-child [im2]of silence and slow time, Sylvan [im3]historian, who canst thus express A flowery [im4]tale more sweetly[im5] than our rhyme: What leaf-fringd legend haunts[im6] about thy shape Of deities or mortals, or of both,[im7] In Tempe [im8]or the dales of Arcady[im9][im10]? What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?[im11] What pipes and timbrels? What [im12]wild ecstasy? Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard[im13] Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes[im14], play on; Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeard, Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone[im15]: Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;[im16] Bold[im17] Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade[im18], though thou [im19]hast not [im20]thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair![im21] Ah, happy, happy [im22]boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; And, happy melodist, unwearied[im23], For ever piping songs for ever new;[im24] More happy love! more happy, happy love! For ever warm and still to be enjoyd, For ever panting[im25], and for ever young; All breathing human passion far above[im26], That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloyd[im27][im28], A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Leadst thou that heifer lowing at the skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? What little town by river or sea shore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel[im29], Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets for evermore Will silent be; and not a soul to tell Why thou art desolate, can eer return. O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought[im30], With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form[im31], dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral![im32] When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst, Beauty is truth, truth beauty[im33],-that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. Background: Keats felt inspired after reading two Benjamin Haydon articles, he was aware of Greek art and he had first hand exposure to the Elgin marbles. Reinforced his belief that Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues which form the basis of the poem. He wrote the Odes when he left his job as assistant house surgeon in London, to devote himself entirely to the composition of poetry. Living with his friend Charles Brown, the 23-year-old was burdened with money problems and despaired when his brother George sought his financial assistance. Relationships between the soul, eternity, nature, and art. Keats was a second generation of Romantic poet, he took a polite subject a study of a Greek pot commonly spoken about by the Augustans and traditional odes and turned it into a loud, over-the-top celebration of music, sex, and youth. Structure: Attempted to write sonnets but found the rhyme scheme did not match the message he was trying to convey, so he turned to the ode form. But he found the Pindaric form inadequate for discussing philosophy. So, he developed his own kind. Further altered his ode style for Nightingale and Grecian Urn by adding a secondary voice- creating a dialogue. Keats uses ekphrasis, (the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words) but differently from Theocrituss Idyll, a classical poem describing a design on the side of a cup, Theocritus describes motion and underlying motives whilst Keats focuses solely on the external features of the cup but makes the reader think about the underlying motives. Ten-line stanzas, beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme (alternate rhyme) and ending with a Miltonic sestet (1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE, 2nd stanza CDECED, and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE, the Keatsian Structure). The same overall pattern is used in Ode on Indolence, Ode on Melancholy, and Ode to a Nightingale (though their sestet rhyme schemes vary), which unify the poems in structure as well as theme. Creates the sense of a two-part thematic structure as well. The first four lines of each stanza roughly define the subject of the stanza, and the last six roughly explicate or develop it. Ode in Greek, means sung. While ode-writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe, antistrophe, and epode, the form by Keatss time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry. Keatss odes seek to find a classical balance between two extremes, and in the structure of Ode on a Grecian Urn, classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry. The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature, and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes. Keats metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style. The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion (the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line), which was common in his earlier works. Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet. Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line. The word choice represents a shift from Keats early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. In the second stanza, Ode on a Grecian Urn, which emphasizes words containing the letters p, b, and v, uses syzygy, the repetition of a consonantal sound. The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance, which is found in very few English poems. Line 13 where the e of sensual connects with the e of endeard and the ea of ear connects with the ea of endeard. A more complex form is found in line 11 the ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. Themes: Like many Keatsian odes, Ode on a Grecian Urn discusses art and arts audience. He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems, and works such as Ode to a Nightingale appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual. Keats reverses this when describing an urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn to focus on representational art. He previously used the image of an urn in Ode on Indolence, depicting one with three figures representing Love, Ambition and Poesy. Of these three, Love and Poesy are integrated into Ode on a Grecian Urn with an emphasis on how the urn, as a human artistic construct, is capable of relating to the idea of Truth. The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities: an attempt at courtship, the making of music, and a religious rite. The figures are supposed to be beautiful, and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic. Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator, the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images. The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem, which creates ambiguity in the poems final lines: Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words, to whom they are speaking, and what is meant by the words, which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator. The urn, as a piece of art, requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own. This allows the urn to interact with humanity, to put forth a narrative, and allows for the imagination to operate. The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions, and the silence of the urn reinforces the imaginations ability to operate. This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis the contemplation of art by a poet which serves as a meditation upon art itself. In this meditation, the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art. The figures on the urn within Ode on a Grecian Urn lack identities, but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story, he would know their names. The second section of the poem, describing the piper and the lovers, meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters, which falls under the term Truth. The three figures would represent how Love, Beauty, and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience. The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in Ode to a Nightingale. Similarly, the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers. Narrator contemplates where the boundaries of art lie and how much an artist can represent on an urn. The questions the narrator asks to reveal a yearning to understand the scene, but the urn is too limited to allow such answers. Furthermore, the narrator is able to visualise more than what actually exists on the urn. This conclusion on art is both satisfying, in that it allows the audience to actually connect with the art, and alienating, as it does not provide the audience the benefit of instruction or narcissistic fulfilment. Besides the contradictions between the various desires within the poem, there are other paradoxes that emerge as the narrator compares his world with that of the figures on the urn. In the opening line, he refers to the urn as a bride of quietness, which serves to contrast the urn with the structure of the ode, a type of poem originally intended to be sung. Another paradox arises when the narrator describes immortals on the side of an urn meant to carry the ashes of the dead. In terms of the actual figures upon the urn, the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art. In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on Melancholy, Keats describes how beauty is temporary. However, the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence. The urns description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation, which is symbolic of the urns need for an audience. [im1]Apostrophe: Silences the Urn and projects a voice, his own onto it allowing him to speak on its behalf. [im2]Married to Mr. Quietness but they have never consummated their marriage despite ravished imagery. Also, adopted by silence and time but these were not the originally circumstances, the true parent is the silent painter and ceremonial use. After the decline on Greece the pot continued to live on. [im3]Means Forest, the Urn is a historian of people of the woods. [im4]As well as the bee imagery flowery is a pun as a flowery tale is very complicated, also an urn had a flowery or leafy border. [im5]Flower and sweetly is metaphor for bees and nature, he believes that the Urn can tell a better story, with nature like unlike poetry, both are true beauty and show nature. [im6]Exist in one place- but has obvious connections to the supernatural and the dead characters. [im7]In ancient Greece Gods were represented as normal people so it would be hard to tell the difference, Gods also liked to be in company with people. In a way, the poems rigid rhyme and meter is very understated bringing parallels to God. Effortless on the surface highly intricate underneath you wouldnt know what you were looking for unless you sough it out.. [im8]The Vale of Tempe was home for a time to Aristaeus, son of Apollo and Cyrene, and it was here that he chased Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, who, in her flight, was bitten by a serpent and died. In the thirteenth century AD a church dedicated to Aghia (Saint) Paraskevi was erected in the valley. [im9]Tempe and Arcady are allusions to two regions of Ancient Greece known for being particularly lush and green. They become stock symbols in English poetry for places where people lived in the forest. [im10]Vision of pastoralism in nature. [im11]USE of ekphrasis, the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words. [im12]Repetition of questions (anaphora) that the speaker cannot comprehend draws parallels to the interaction between Job and God. Something that is godly like nature or beautiful art is incomprehensible for man we can do our best to try to understand it only. [im13]ASSONANCE: ea of Heard connecting to the ea of unheard, the o of melodies connecting to the o of those and the u of but connecting to the u of unheard. [im14]Unlike the wild party music in the chase in stanza 1 the soft pipes give a soothed atmosphere [im15]Paradox: the sweetest melodies are the ones that you do not hear. Keats is tricking the audience: he treats the people as if they are real people in real events living on the Urn just in frozen time The Urns beauty allows him to think of a song in his head that the man is playing and its more beautiful than anything that he has ever heard before. Aka he prefers the fantasy world to the real one. [im16]Edenic, it shall always be spring here with the man under the tree always playing his sweet music for his spirit. [im17]Another apostrophe [im18]No surprise that he is so obsessed with immortality, he had just contracted TB.. [im19]Greece had connections to higher society and was rebellious, he uses anachronistic diction to make this connection with the constant repetition of thou- its made to sound fancy. [im20]Keats says not to grieve but continues to use negative phrasing even in these lines: do not grieve, cannot fade, and hast not thy bliss. Keats may have made a mistake, or there may be a reason for this negative undertone [im21]SYZYG: Repetition of the consonant sound b v p in particular, breaking his reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter, Germanic words. [im22]Potentially trying to convince himself that he is happy allegorically he is actually happy. [im23]Pronounced un-wear-i-ed to preserve the iambic pentameter. Potentially comparing himself to the happy melodist who too draws out notes/syllables. [im24]Stuck in the same time forever its always new nothing shall ever grow old. [im25]Repetition shows the eternal nature of the urn which is observed here. Panting from being chased in S1 as well as sexual connotations. Alternatively, with the rhythm pulsating and the repetition of speech he is growing sexually excited himself. [im26]Could be the speaker standing above the urn or it could suggest that the lovers are better of above human passion and they are actually all Gods, preserved and beautiful- living on forever as long as they are remembered. [im27]If it is the speaker standing high above then it must be his heart that is sorrow filled, looking at those in love sadden him. Uses metonym to connect them. Words that give meaning to another i.e. Westminster = House of Parliament, Downing Street = Prime Minister. [im28]Too much of something good. [im29]Oxymoron peaceful fortress [im30]Overcomplicated- too good for us Godly. [im31]Apostrophe and personificationÂÂ   is cyclical like looking around the urn in a circle. [im32]The poet compares the experience of looking at the urn to thinking about eternity, an idea so lofty and hard to understand that trying to think about it is like not thinking at all. [im33]Simple chiasmus acts as synecdoche for the poem. Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast Due Process and Crime Control Models: Compare and Contrast The purpose of this paper is to research both the Due Process and Crime Control Models. After researching each of the topics, they will be discussed in further detail. Both of the models will be compared and contrasted as well. Both of the models have proven to be well known and used throughout the United States, as well as many other parts of the world; both models have been used since the 1960s. The contemporary state court system status and the model that is used there will be discussed further in the paper. Both of the models named above are very complex systems that are used in criminal justice systems throughout the United States as well as many other parts of the world. The models were developed as some type of guideline to aid in the arrest and prosecution of criminals. The purposes of the two models are to help maintain safety is society, as well as protect the rights of the suspect in various situations and scenarios. In order to fully understand both of the models, each system must be viewed separate and together. Various models and techniques have been used in the criminal justice system since its development, some of the models have been more structured than others, some have been less structured than others. When evaluated, some of the different models have worked well in some areas, while other models have not appeared to be beneficial at all. Literature Review Choongh (1998) provided readers with information regarding the limitations of Packers crime control and due process models, which were developed in the 1960s. Choongh informed readers that the crime control model follows procedures very closely, as well as screen suspects, determines guilt, and secures punishment all according to written policies, procedures, and laws. Choongh suggested that there are some problems with the model. One of the problems is that the model defines efficiency by speed and finality. This could possibly be beneficial in some ways, but could also cause harm in other ways; the quicker the investigation the more likely that the work may be incomplete or sloppy. The due process model is more concerned with individual integrity and autonomy. The main purpose of the due process model is to maintain close control over the power of the state. Choongh reported that neither model is effective, this is because the investigations are not thorough enough, court processes are rushed, and prosecutors and law enforcement rush to accusing a person of guilt rather than taking their time and finding the real villain. Henham (1998) provided readers with information about the rights-based approach. The author explained that there is a large need for a rights-based approach to be used for criminals during the sentencing process. Henham feels that the crime control model and the due process model are not adequate. The crime control model is based on repressing criminal activity and maintaining a low crime rate. The due process model focuses mainly the protection of the individual through stressing adherence to courtroom procedures. The rights-based approach is concerned to postulate a number of fundamental normative propositions that have moral, rather than empirical validity. The crime control model and the due process model do not provide adequate choices to criminals when mental health problems are involved, but a rights-based approach would address several areas that the other models do not address. Henham felt that people who suffer from different mental disorders are essentially being discrimin ated against, by not providing for their need. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker (2009) and Tucker, Hasselt, and Russell (2008) all wrote about the criminal justice system, mentally ill patients, and the professionals inadequate training for dealing with the mentally ill. All of the above authors agreed that there is a great need for special training and possibly special crime models that should be used when police are dealing with mentally ill criminals. Recently there has been a rise in the number of cases that law enforcement officials have responded to in which mentally ill individuals were the reason the police were called. Schrieber, Renneberg, and Macracker reported that the criminal justice system is not capable of dealing with offenders who suffer from mental disorders that uncontrollable. Recent studies have shown that law enforcement officials have are generally the first contact with mentally ill suspects in criminal cases, but also in many cases that are not criminal and have to be dealt with through social service programs. The authors reported that the models need to be reorganized so that the criminal justice system will be more sensitive to individuals who suffer from major depression, post traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and psychosis. Rehabilitation is very important for individuals who have these disorders and the treatment that they need is not offered in many of the detainment facilities that criminals are sent to. Klein (2006) wrote about the crime control model. She reported that the crime control model has a very reliable process for screening suspects, and many of the criminals that are charged with crime using this model, will spend time in jail or prison, because the system is so reliable. Klein also wrote about the due process model and how it helps an individual to maintain some autonomy during the criminal justice process. Even though there is room for improvement in the areas of pleading and discovery, Klein supports most of the aspects in each model and the basis behind them. Duff (1998) wrote about the crime control model and the due process model and how the models are viewed in the criminal justice system. Duff reported that the due process model does not agree with the majority of cases in which criminal are sanctioned for their crimes, this is because if the crimes do not involve any harm to others, Duff feels that the criminal should be punished les severely. Roach (1999) provided readers with information about four different models used in the criminal justice system. Roach directed more attention to the due process model and the crime control model. Roach explained Herbert Packer provided professionals with a guide to criminal justice systems by using these models. Both of the authors reported that if the crime control model is used correctly, most criminals plead guilty to the charge or the prosecuting attorney withdrawals the charges. Roach, as well as Duff reported that both models were not only efficient, but also very durable in order to with stand as many years as they have. Edkins (2007) provided readers with information about the due process model and its purpose of helping suspects maintain their individual rights during the criminal justice process. Edkins also provided readers with information about the crime control model and its purpose of making sure that all convicted criminals have harsh punishments. Edkins gave information about seven different studies that were completed which measured attitudes about the due process and crime. Vance and Trani (2008) conducted numerous studies on the crime control model and the due process model. The authors are not in agreement with the crime control model, but they do support the due process model. Vance and Trani reported that both of the models have ethical standards and should be supported across the board, but the in some places, law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys will not support either of the models. The authors reported that there are many reasons for different crime models, some of these purposes are to help catch criminals, detain them, and reduce crime. Arias and Ungar (2009) wrote about Latin Americans and the impact that the two models have on their lifestyle. The authors informed readers that the purpose of the crime control mode is to reduce crime and the purpose of the due process model is to protect individual rights of the accused when it is used as a guide for the criminal justice process. Discussion Due Process The basis of the due process model is formal structure. When used correctly, the due process model protects the rights of suspects accused of various crimes. The due process model reduces many errors that occur during the investigation, arrest, evidence gathering, and trial. Due process does not support much of the evidence that is used in many criminal trials, and there are many reasons and factors for this. Basically, the due process model criticizes every type of evidence except definitive physical evidence that cannot be disputed. The object of looking at evidence in the due process model is deciding what information may be incorrect, falsified, or coerced from an individual. This has occurred on many occasions when other criminals have testified against the suspect, because they may be rewarded with time off of their sentence or other things. Because the main goal of the due process model us to reduce mistakes that can place an innocent person in prison, the process is very slow (Henham, 1998 Klein, 2006). Crime Control The idea of the crime control model is to decrease crime in all areas; for this to be done criminal conduct needs to be drastically reduced. Many of the problems that arise in the crime control model is directed at law enforcement officials. People commit crimes and get away with them, then it may create a higher crime rate because their likely to be more followers. The crime control model directs more attention in investigating, screening people, establishing guilt, seeking harsher punishments for individuals who have committed crimes (Roach, 1999). For the crime control model to work appropriately, the processes must be efficient. Higher arrest and conviction rates need to be seen, as a way of deterring other people from committing crimes. The investigation and arrest process needs to be expedient, so that fewer resources are used on each client. The main purpose of the crime control model is for the there to be enough evidence gathered that the suspects pleads guilty to the charges, and there is no need to waste time, money, or effort on a trial that may last for a unknown amount of time (Duff, 1998). The crime control model utilizes law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to establish the innocence or guilt of a suspect early during the investigation. Individuals who are most likely guilty of committing such crimes progress through the criminal justice systems with great speed; they either plead guilty to such crimes, or they are found innocent or guilty in a criminal trial. , the less likely to find the evidence needed, and the more money spent on the investigation (Klein, 2006). Similarities and Differences between the Two Models The main goal of the due process model is for individuals to be treated fairly in the criminal justice system, so they will not be deprived anything that they deserve in life of they are innocent. The due process model explains that all individuals have a right to freedom and security, unless they are guilty of committing a crime. The crime control model does not hold an individuals rights in high regard, and feels that criminals should be caught at all cost (Roach, 1999). The crime control model puts a lot of their trust into law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys to complete the criminal investigations. Depending on the amount of work put into the investigation and the quality of the work that is done, many suspects will either plead guilty, therefore there is no trial. Speed and finality two tasks the crime control model looks to complete (Roach, 1999). When people are arrested for a crime, they are seen as innocent until they actually admit to or are convicted of such crimes (Klein, 2006). When dealing with the due process model, policing society in a positive nature becomes a very vital issue. Followers of the crime control model feel that the number of arrests may deter other criminals from committing crimes, by showing them that the criminal justice system does work (Klein, 2006). Much of the population is in favor of the due process model, because of reasons such as equality, human rights, and freedom. Undert the United States Constitution each individual has certain rights, and the due process model helps to maintain and restore these rights (Henham, 1998). Law enforcement agencies generally prefer the crime control model; they treat suspects who are arrested as though they have already been found guilty (Henham, 1998). The due process model protects individuals with the 4th and 8th amendments which address the issues of illegal searches on individuals suspected of crimes, as well as the right not to incriminate ones self (Choongh, 1998). State Court Systems Model of Choice It appears that each of the models are very unique and are used for different purposes. Just as different defense attorneys have different styles and models that they follow, so do law enforcement officials and prosecuting attorneys. The model that is used is completely up to the individual who is gathering the information and investigating the crime. In an ideal world, the due process model would be the model of choice, because it helps keep the rights of individuals intact, as well as serving its purpose in the criminal justice system. Both the crime control model and the due process model have a positive side as well as a negative. The United States criminal justice system and judicial system has debated the subject of which models are the most beneficial for numerous years, but no common ground has been reached. Two of the main factors that are looked at when making a decision such as this are, which model helps maintain social order, and which model helps reduce the risk of imprisoning innocent individuals. As close as these two factors are related, the answer should be simplistic, however it is not. In the criminal justice system, these factors actually conflict with one another, therefore there is not a common system that came be used for both of the factors. Maintaining and restoring social order is best maintained by the crime control model, whereas protecting individual rights is best maintained by the due process model (Edkins, 2007). The population that law enforcement officials are serving may affect the crime model that they decide to use. Areas with high crime rate may be better served by using the crime control model, whereas areas with less crime may be better served by the due process model. Along with the population, the type of crimes that are being committed may also be a factor in which model is chosen. Areas that suffer from drug trafficking and violence may be best served by using the crime control model, whereas areas that suffer from trespassing and burglaries may be best served by using the due process model. The crime control model implies that law enforcement and prosecuting attorneys act promptly to allegations and investigate them more thoroughly at a later time, but the due process model requires careful consideration in each and every case, prior to arresting individuals (Duff, 1998). Conclusion Both of the models have very different key points. Both of the models have different methods that are used to reach a common goal. If the main goal of the United States Criminal Justice System is to maintain social order and protect the rights of individuals, then there is no way to utilize just one of the two models. The crime control model appears to be the best model used for maintain and restoring order in society. In the ideal world, decisions would not be made in haste. But in order to complete a job and catch certain criminals, then there has to be room for quick decisions, even if it becomes clear that the decisions that were made were wrong. Each state, county, and city has their own way of operating and reducing crime. Unfortunately at times innocent people are brought into the mix, this is a chance that has to be taken in order to have a fully functioning criminal justice system. Scholars have researched for many years how to make the criminal justice system work by following one model, but at this time nobody has been successful in developing such a model. Family: Social Construct And Institution Family: Social Construct And Institution In this essay I intend to discuss the family as a social construct and institution. I will be critically discussing the different forms of the family, and the role of the family within society from four sociological perspectives. The family as a social structure is often taken for granted to mean a married couple with children, possibly incorporating grandparents and directly linked blood relatives. This stereotypical view does not take into account a changing society with changing norms and values. It is important when discussing the family in a sociological context to define the family in a wider perspective. Ferrante (2011) suggests that the family is often described as a social institution that binds people together through various means, blood, marriage, norms and law. According to Zelditch (1964) as cited in Ferrante (2011) there is no concrete group which can be universally identified as the family. Several institutions including political parties, the legal system and the media have been blamed for creating the cereal packet family but not all sociologists agree with what appears to be typical British family. Gittins (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) states The ideology of the family would have us believe that there is one type of family, one correct way in which individuals should live and interact with each otherAn ideology that claims that there is only one type of family can never matched in reality, for it represents an ideal to which only some can approximate, an others not at all. During the last century the concept of the family has altered, this is partly due to industrialisation, modernity, changing norms and values and the media. The family can now be seen to have many dimensions, what was considered to be deviant or diverse is often accepted as a norm. Some sociologists argue that during the nineteenth century, post industrialisation, social order, or kinship, a network of relatives (kin) who are connected by common decent or marriage. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) began to alter. Communities that were based on traditional shared values of religion and community changed. Cottage industries began to disappear and families moved from rural areas into towns and cities the nature of the of kinship began to diminish. The economic and social life of this type of family relationship changed, according to Ritzer and Ryan (2011) Rural people were lured by the novelty of city life and the prospects of greater economic opportunity. The domestic economy of the pre-industrial family disappeared. The industrial revolution provided factory work for men leaving the females to take a more prominent role as the caregivers, the family dynamics began to alter creating a major change in the division of labour within the family. Industrialisation was identified by many as having sounded the death knell for this way of life, destroying extended families and undermining communities. (Ogburn 1955 as cited in Gillies 2003). The extended family tends to include generations of family extending both horizontally and vertically including connections my marriage and blood. It is argued by some sociologists that industry has destroyed the traditions of the extended family and the social bonding of kinship, leading to the nuclear family. Talcott Parsons (1949) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) stressed that in the absence of the extended family and kinship, the nuclear family met the needs of a changed society. However Laslett and Wall (1972) as cited in Fulcher and Scott (2007) suggest that the nuclear family has always been the more dominant family type throughout the history of family life. The functionalist approach to the family suggests that the family itself is responsible for ensuring that vital tasks are achieved. Functionalists believe that social institutions such as schools, churches, political systems and the family are all essential to the structure of an effective functioning society and all of these institutions inter relate with each other for the benefit of the whole of society, if one aspect of the structure does not function adequately then society will inevitably experience some form of failure and conflict. Functionalists suggest that the family is one of the most important institutions responsible for the successful raising of a child and parents play a key role in ensuring that children become well integrated within society. Murdock (1949) conducted a study based on two hundred and fifty societies with the aim of discovering if the family was universal. His conclusion was that the nuclear family was a universal social institution that comprised of four basic functions. These he called, sexual relationships, economic cooperation among members, reproduction and the socialisation of infants and children. (Stark, 2010) Murdocks theory has been criticised by many non functionalist sociologists suggesting that his study focussed on the nuclear family and did not take into account other family forms. Gough (1959) argued that Murdocks theory did not take into account societies such as the Nayar, where one woman could have up to twelve potential fathers to a child and a man could have an unlimited amount of wives. Support came from brothers, sisters and children not from potential fathers. This system was based purely on kinship groups. Gough suggests that the existence of the Nayar was not based on economic cooperation between husbands and wives, the socialisation of infants was provided by the women and their kinship groups, and any affectionate relationship between men and women was prohibited. Goughs criticism can be closely compared to family groups in British society today looking at family units that do not meet Murdocks nuclear family theory these families could be single parent families or fami lies consisting of same sex couples. (Bell 1968) Parsons (1959) as cited in Macionis (2012) argued that the family retains two primary functions, these functions are found in all forms of family thought out the world. He suggests that the primary socialisation of children is the first and most important setting for child rearing and parents are in the position to ensure children are able to become well integrated into society and the structuring of the personality in the early years leads to contributing members of society. He acknowledges that family socialisation continues throughout the life cycle but secondary socialisation becomes more dominant as the child develops due to the family being less involved, and agencies such as schools and peer groups become involved. Parsons as cited in Harolambos and Holborn (2008) argued that families are factories which produce human personalities. Parsons second observation of the family was the stabilisation of the adult personality arguing that men and women who have deep personal relationships will lead content and fulfilling lives which in turn will improve family life removing some of the tensions that the family may face such as work and relationships. Marxist sociologists may argue that although family life can be fulfilling and happy the fact that contemporary British society is based on capitalism, which results in exploitation, family members will inevitably be placed under financial strain and tension which can cause problems of discontent and the breakdown of the family unit. Criticisms were that his theory was outdated and based on the ideology of the nuclear family alone. Marxist writers in the 1970s put forward a different perspective of the family they argued that the capitalist system exploits the free domestic labour of the housewife through the domestic division of labour. (Fulcher and Scott 2007). They argue that the concept of the nuclear family promotes the role of the man to be the breadwinner and the woman to be the housewife which has led women, if wanting to work, becoming the reserve army therefore being called upon when required, for example during times of war, according to Marxist theorists the nuclear family provides employers with cheap disposable labour that tends to be less valued than their male counterparts. (Fulcher and Scott 2007) On what foundation of the present family, the bourgeois family based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form this family exists only among the bourgeoisie The bourgeois claptrap about the family and education, about the hallowed correlation of parent and child, becomes all the more disgusting, the more, by the action of modern industry, all family ties among the proletarians are torn asunder, and their children transformed into simple articles of commerce and instruments of labour. (Marx and Engels, 1848 as cited in Ferrante 2011) Although Marx and Engels seem to be criticising the family and suggesting that the family may be considered as a tool for capitalism they were in fact suggesting that the family should be improved and it was the traditional family types that approved of the exploitation of women and children. According to Marsh and Keating (2006), Engels believed that the family exploited women and children and the end of the exploitation within the family could only be achieved in a communist society. The development of the Marist perspective continued throughout the century and the views of Engles and Marx were applied to a modern capitalist society. Modern Marxists would argue against the functionalists who stress that the purpose of the family is to raise children. Marxists agree that the family has a job but that job is to reproduce the labour power that maintains a capitalist society. It is also suggested that the family is a control mechanism that exerts social control on parents. Living in a highly consumer orientated society, children are often in competition with their peers and parents are in competition with other parents to ensure that their children have the best technology and prospects, the pressure to remain in a competing capitalist society gives the parents little choice but to compete in the workplace and accept capitalism as a norm. The family is thus an integral part of what Marxists call commodity fetishism; it helps to fuel the creation of false needs, which in order to be satisfied, require people to work hard. Mobile phones, laptops, X-boxes; all these frivolous things need to be bought by someone and in western capitalist societies it is now increasingly young people who are an important market. And young people come from, of course, families. (Abbot 2010) Historical changes in society have led to changes in feminist perspectives creating several waves of feminism. Although there are several types of feminist views including Liberal, Socialist, Radical and Marxist they do all share a common belief that women experience a range of social, economic, political and personal difficulties in their lives but they dont all agree on the cause of these difficulties. In general feminists have discarded the Functionalist theories of the nuclear family and suggested that many parents have socialised their children to behave in a manner that is considered to be appropriate to their gender roles. Feminists argue that when children see their parents behaving in their appropriate gender role then the children naturally assume that they should behave in the same way. Females have been shown what is considered to be feminine or female, dependence, obedience, conformity and domesticity and males have been encouraged by parents to be dominant, competitive and independent. (Holburn and Steel 2012) The radical feminist perspective of the family agrees basic concept of the Marxist view suggesting that exploitation is a key aspect of the family, however where Marxists suggest that capitalism plays a key role for the exploitation of women the feminist approach suggests that the division of labour is due to genetic predispositions that women are seen as the carers and are more suitable to child rearing that their male counterparts who are seen as the providers. Feminists argue that in the division of labour is unequal and that the domestic role is unrewarded and undervalued. According to Sheeran (1993) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2007) Marxist and radical feminists argue that the family is both an ideological construct and a repressive, socially produced reality, which helps to perpetuate capitalism and / or patriarchy. Such criticisms are overtly anti family, and argue that women have been forced into taking responsibility for child care by that agent of the state, the patriarc hal family. Morgan (1975) as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (2008) suggests that both functionalist and Marxist approaches, both presuppose a traditional model of the nuclear family where there is a married couple with children, where the husband is the breadwinner and where the wife stays at home to deal with the housework. The Interactionist approach is seen to be quite different and works at a micro level rather than the macro level like the previous perspectives. Symbolic interactionism has been an important theoretical perspective in family studies since its early development in the 1920s and 1930s. Symbolic interaction theory describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. LaRossa and Reitzes (1993) as cited in International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family (2003). Interactionists suggest that families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds through the use of rituals. Some social scientists believe that rituals like gathering together for a family meal or the ritual of marriage using symbols to reinforce the bonds this can be seen as a source of family strength and if families preserve rituals then children will become more emotionally equipped to face problems in the future. (Hughes and Kroehler 2011). Critics stress that symbolic interactionism only looks at the micro level and that this perspective does not take into account larger issues of society. The New Right perspective of the family was born from functionalist ideology and supports the theory that the nuclear family is the only type of family that works effectively within British society. Between the 1950s and the 1990s the nuclear family began to alter, families were no longer perceived to be seen in the traditional stereotypical sense, families were becoming more diverse partly due to changes in the law, abortions were legalised, homosexuality decriminalised and the introduction of legislation such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act was introduced. New types of families were emerging. Single parent families, reconstituted families, individuals that cohabitated and the formation of same sex relationships that may or may not have had children from previous relationships. The New Right believe that the lack of traditional family and values and diversity has corrupted society. Lone parents were blamed for wayward children suggesting that without a male and f emale parent residing within the family unit then children would not be able to function as contributing members of society. Critics of the New Right suggest that by suggesting that the nuclear family is the only family that works for the benefit of society it ignores the dark side of the family issues such as domestic abuse and by trying to impress that the nuclear family is the superior and morally correct route it creates a them and us situation which can lead to discrimination, persecution and ultimately suggests that other family types are not families at all.(Yorkshire 2011) According to the Office for National Statistics (2011) between 2001 and 2010 families by type have altered slightly to show that there has been a slight increase in the alternative family and a slight decrease in what is considered to be the nuclear family. As the Office of National Statistics now take into account Civil Partnerships as legitimate families the figures reflect a more accurate account of the makeup of the ever changing British family however the categories in which families are assigned do not represent a true picture of the family as it fails to differentiate between reconstituted and nuclear families, while the minority groups such as civil partnership couples and lone parents have been allocated a category of their own. According to Morgan (1994) as cited in Marsh and Keating (2006) We cannot speak of the family as if it were a static and changing thing. Rather it is better to use the word as signifying the character of a complex series of processes over timewe should speak of family processes, family living or family life courses. In this way we will come to recognise that family life is always subject to change and variation that change is at the very heart of family living As society changes with time it can be argued that the family will alter and perceptions of the family from influences such as the media and politics will change the ideology. Although the school of thought may differ depending on what perspective is applied it appears that the family plays an important role within British society, it is important to recognise that without understanding the family it makes it difficult to understand problems that may arise such as domestic violence and child abuse and how they are interpreted as private troubles or public issues.